Define "active learning" in the context of higher education pedagogy.

Active learning involves pedagogical approaches where students engage directly with the material, fostering a deeper understanding and retention of knowledge. This can include activities like group discussions, problem-solving tasks, hands-on projects, and case studies, which require students to actively participate in their own learning process rather than merely absorbing information delivered by an instructor. The focus is on collaboration, interaction, and applying knowledge in practical scenarios, which enhances critical thinking skills and promotes a more dynamic classroom environment.

In contrast to the other options, which emphasize passive or restrictive forms of learning, active learning prioritizes student engagement and involvement. For example, passive video lectures limit interaction and do not require the learner to actively process the content. Similarly, strictly adhering to textbook content or learning that only occurs during examinations diminishes the opportunities for students to actively participate and apply their knowledge, which is fundamental to the active learning framework.